CRITERIA D -

Reflection on Criteria A

Reflection on the research of printers

 What I did? (What did you do to finish your project?)

I researched on the printers and posted pictures and collect different information from different websites.

 What I enjoyed? (Write about what you liked most in the project)

The part I most loved when I had to post pictures as it looked colorful in my blog.

 What I found difficult?( Write about any part of the project that you found hard to do?)

The part I found difficult was to gather information from many websites as it was confusing and some websites had the wrong information.

 What really worked? (Write about any part that you thought worked well)

The part I thought worked well was the information on printers and collecting the names of the people who found the type of printers.

 Next Time (Write about what you would do differently next time)

The next time the color in my blog should be a bit duller as the colors now are too vibrant and bright.

Reflection on Tinker CAD tutorials

 What I did? (What did you do to finish your project?)

I followed the instructions and finished two tutorials by concentrating on the task.

 What I enjoyed? (Write about what you liked most in the project)

I enjoyed creating different objects with a little bit of help as I was new to tinker cad

 what I found difficult? (Write about any part of the project that you found hard to do?)

The part I found difficult was searching for the objects in tinker cad as they were on the side and small.

 What really worked? (Write about any part that you thought worked well)

There is nothing in specific that I thought worked well as the whole tutorial was interesting but putting the objects together worked well.

 Next Time (Write about what you would do differently next time)

Next time I would try creating the objects myself so I would not need much help.

Reflection on Tinker CAD objects

 what I did? (What did you do to finish your project?)

I did two objects given by my teacher one was a ship type of object and the other one was like penguin shaped thing.

 What I enjoyed? (Write about what you liked most in the project)

I enjoyed finding the parts and putting them together to get the final product.

 What I found difficult? (Write about any part of the project that you found hard to do?)

I did not find anything difficult except the penguin shape took me some time to think how to do it.

 what really worked? (Write about any part that you thought worked well)

Everything worked nice and perfect . there is nothing in specific.

 Next Time (Write about what you would do differently next time)

The next time I would analyze it first and then start with my project.

I am Tanya from eism. I had worked on 3d designing and tinker cad. We were asked to make any thing we like which people will buy as it could help them in some way many people did tankers and doll houses and poker ball and so I did a shelf which is modern, designer and products can be displayed with ease. Everyone had to make a sketch of their product actually two of them one was your sketch of the actual and the other was to modify your product so it doesn’t have any disadvantages. I had made the second sketch without the sharp corners which might poke some children or old adults who can’t see properly or hurt even parent running in hurry for work so it is always better to stay on the safe side. My shelf is about 6 to 5 foot tall.

PEER EVALUATION DONE BY AASHNA 

This peer evaluation is done by aashna. Tanya's final idea is a book shelf. Looking at Tanya's work her 3 d models is really good and attractive in terms of its design and shape. It is  a unique design and is something that is indeed useful to all genders and ages. Like she has mentioned that the purpose of the shelf is to keep stuff including books and also other objects, this is good way to attract the people to come and buy her 3 d model. The choice of color is good but she could have chosen a better color option to a more bright color like a yellow or pink, etc. It is a project when someone will look at it they surely will want to buy it. Besides her shelf her blog is also overall really organised and good. Overall her work is good.

CRITERIA C -

I AM  TO DESIGN A SHELF IN TINKER CAD 

THIS IS A MODERN SHELF WHICH CAN BE USED IN DAY TO DAY LIFE .

THE PROBLEMS WITH THE OLD SHELVES ARE ;

THEY ARE OLD FASHIONED 

THEY DO NOT GIVE THE LOOK AS THIS ONE DOES 

EVERYONE WOULD HAVE THE OLD ONES IT WOULD BE DIFFERENT IF YOU HAVE THE MODERN ONE .                                                                                                                          

 WHY I CHOOSE THIS DESIGN ?

I CHOSE THIS DESIGN BECAUSE  THIS IS MORE HELPFUL FOR A DESIGNER HOUSE 

EXISTING DESIGNS LIKE THIS ARE AVAILABLE IN THE MARKET BUT I AM DESIGNING THIS IN A DIFFERENT SHAPE.

SO IT HELPS OTHERS TO STORE OR DISPLAY THINGS EASILY.

THE UNIQUE FEATURES OF MY DESIGN ARE THAT THE SHAPES ARE EASY FOR USE AND COMFORTABLE.

THIS IS THE SYRINGE I HAD CREATED SINCE I FINISHED ALL THE TASKS AND THIS IS THE EXTENSION TASK. I AM PRETTY HAPPY WITH WHAT I DID AS THIS COULD HELP CHILDREN NOT GET SCARED OF THEIR INJECTIONS AND IS VERY USEFUL FOR THE DOCTORS AS THEY CAN SAVE THEIR TIME AND USE IT FOR SAVING OTHERS TIME AS WELL .

 

this is my new tinkercad creation it has all the uae

 

CRITERIA B- DEVELOPING IDEAS

                                                 

DESIGN SPECIFICATION

AESTHETICS	THE SHELF WOULD BE RED AND BIG TO STORE MANY THINGS AS POSSIBLE . IT IS MADE OUT OF WOOD.
COST	THE COST WOULD BE AROUND 2000 DOLLARS AS IT DEPENDS ON THE COUNTRY IT BEING SHIPPED TO.
CUSTOMER	THE AIM OF CUSTOMERS WOULD BE OLD PEOPLE AS WELL AS PARENTS BECAUSE OLD PEOPLE LIKE BEING ORGANISED AND PARENTS WANT TO KEEP THEIR THINGS SAFE SO THE CHILDREN DON’T TAKE IT.
ENVIRONMENTAL CONSIDERATIONS	THERE IS NOT MUCH OF CONSIDERATION AS IT IS MADE OUT OF WOOD BUT IT IS VERY DURABLE.
SIZE	THE SIZE WOULD BE 7 FOOT TALL.
FUNCTION	YOU CAN KEEP THINGS IN IT AS WELL AS STORE ITEMS WHICH Is PRECIOUS AND AT THE SAME TIME DISPLAY THEM.
MANUFACTURING	THE DESIGN WOULD TAKE 4 HOURS OF OUR TIME AND ALSO, WOOD IS THE MAIN SOURCE AND IT IS AVAILABLE.
MATERIALS	THE DESIGN SHOULD NOT HAVE ANY SHARP EDGES AS IT IS DANGEROUS FOR ADULTS AS WELL AS THEIR CHILDREN.
SAFETY	THE DESIGN SHOULD NOT HAVE ANY SHARP EDGES AS IT IS DANGEROUS FOR ADULTS AS WELL AS THEIR CHILDREN.

THIS IS MY ORIGINAL DESIGN  

THIS IS MY SECOND DESIGN REMADE  AND I WILL BE CHOOSING THIS...

WHY I REDID THE SECOND MODEL OF MY SHELF AGAIN?

I HAVE MADE THE SECOND DESIGN IS MADE WITH CURVED CORNERS AS THIS WAS A DISADVANTAGE  IN THE ONE BEFORE AND COULD BE DANGEROUS FOR OLD PEOPLE WHO CANNOT SEE PROPERLY OR PARENT WHO ARE IN A HURRY TO GET SOMETHING OUT OF IT OR FOR THE KIDS. SO THE MODEL IS REMADE TO MAKE IT MORE EASIER AND FOR PARENTS TO TRUST THE PRODUCT. 

Peer evaluation for the tech fair:

Avantika, Kalyani and yashvi:
They made a website on how to bake. The website was good because they also uploaded instructional videos on the website on how to bake specific things like brownies.The worked collaborative and put up a website together.

Francesco and daniil:
they made a rocket that can actually fly but couldn't demonstrate it as they could bring it to school as it might be dangerous for student and themselves but if they would have demonstrated it, it would have been better.

Abdullah:
He worked alone and made a video game that was basically two characters fighting which was different and unique from what other people did but he could have improved by adding more characters in it.

William:
He made a game alone and made it different like leps world which was hard but he did the task and put effort into the work he did as well as finished it before the deadline.

Aashna:

She made a video on global warming so it was effective and good.

REFLECTION:
I did two designs for the booklet as a cover page as shown above. there are two images so I  had to choose between one of them and according to me, I would choose the second design with a little bit of changes here and there. I am choosing the second design because it is more colourful and the bright image catches the readers attention so I would prefer the second one.

Cover page Design attributes	Cover page Design specification
Title	Storage devices
Picture resolution	800x200 pixels
Front of text present	Baskerville Old Face
Page border	Yes(art)
Audience	Year 2

Criteria A- inquiry and analysing

 3D Designing and modelling - Inquiry And Analyzing

Johannes Gutenberg was born circa 1395, in Mainz, Germany. He started experimenting with printing by 1438. In 1450 Gutenberg obtained backing from the FINANCIER Johann Fust, whose impatience and other factors led to Gutenberg's loss of his establishment to Fust several years later. Gutenberg's masterpiece, and the first book ever printed from movable type, is the “Forty-Two-Line” Bible, completed no later than 1455. Gutenberg died in Mainz in 1468.

Experiments in Printing

When a craftsman revolt erupted in Mainz against the noble class in 1428, Johannes Gutenberg’s family was exiled and settled in what is now Strasbourg, France, where his experiments with printing began. Already familiar with bookmaking, Gutenberg perfected small metal type. Infinitely more practical than carving complete wood blocks for printing, each type was a single letter or character. Movable type had been used in Asia hundreds of years earlier, but Gutenberg’s innovation was developing a casting system and metal alloys which made production easier.

  http://www.biography.com/people/johannes-gutenberg-9323828

THE PRINTER HE INVENTED

http://www.byte-notes.com/types-printers

Impact printers

An impact printer makes contact with the paper. It usually forms the print image by pressing an inked ribbon against the paper using a hammer or pins. Following are some examples of impact printers.

  Dot-Matrix Printers

Daisy-wheel printers

Line printers

Drum printer

Chain printers

Band printers

Non-impact printers

Non-impact printers do not use a striking device to produce characters on the paper; and because these printers do not hammer against the paper they are much quieter. Following are some non-impacted printers.

Ink-jet printers

Laser printers

EVOLUTION OF PRINTERS 

Dot matrix printer : 1970
Daisy wheel printer:1969
Inkjet printer:1951
Laser printer:1971
THERMAL PRINTER:1965

who was it invented by :
laser printer:Gary Starkweather
DOT MATRIX PRINTER: Centronics
DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS: David S. Lee 
 INKJET PRINTER:Epson, Hewlett-Packard

DOT MATRIX PRINTERS 



DAISY WHEEL PRINTER \



    LASER PRINTER



          INKJET PRINTER






     THERMAL PRINTER 



THE TECHNOLOGY USED IN THESE PRINTERS:

DOT MATRIX PRINTERS:
The dot-matrix printer uses print heads containing from 9 to 24 pins. These pins produce patterns of dots on the paper to form the individual characters. The 24 pin dot-matrix printer produces more dots that a 9 pin dot-matrix printer, which results in much better quality and clearer characters. The general rule is: the more pins, the clearer the letters on the paper. The pins strike the ribbon individually as the print mechanism moves across the entire print line in both directions, i-e, from left to right, then right to left, and so on. The user can produce a color output with a dot-matrix printer (the user will change the black ribbon with a ribbon that has color stripes). Dot-matrix printers are inexpensive and typically print at speeds of 100-600 characters per second.

DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS:
In order to get the quality of type found on typewriters, a daisy-wheel impact printer can be used. It is called daisy-wheel printer because the print mechanism looks like a daisy; at the end of each “Petal” is a fully formed character which produces solid-line print. A hammer strikes a “petal” containing a character against the ribbon, and the character prints on the paper. Its speed is slow typically 25-55 characters per second

LASER PRINTERS :

A laser printer works like a photocopy machine. Laser printers produce images on paper by directing a laser beam at a mirror which bounces the beam onto a drum. The drum has a special coating on it to which toner (an ink powder) sticks. Using patterns of small dots, a laser beam conveys information from the computer to a positively charged drum to become neutralized. From all those areas of drum which become neutralized, the toner detaches. As the paper rolls by the drum, the toner is transferred to the paper printing the letters or other graphics on the paper. A hot roller bonds the toner to the paper.

Laser printers use buffers that store an entire page at a time. When a whole page is loaded, it will be printed. The speed of laser printers is high and they print quietly without producing much noise. Many home-use laser printers can print eight pages per minute, but faster and print approximately 21,000 lines per minute, or 437 pages per minute if each page contains 48 lines. When high speed laser printers were introduced they were expensive. Developments in the last few years have provided relatively low-cost laser printers for use in small businesses

INKJET PRINTERS:

Ink-jet printers work in the same fashion as dot-matrix printers in the form images or characters with little dots. However, the dots are formed by tiny droplets of ink. Ink-jet printers form characters on paper by spraying ink from tiny nozzles through an electrical field that arranges the charged ink particles into characters at the rate of approximately 250 characters per second. The ink is absorbed into the paper and dries instantly. Various colors of ink can also be used.

One or more nozzles in the print head emit a steady stream of ink drops. Droplets of ink are electrically charged after leaving the nozzle. The droplets are then guided to the paper by electrically charged deflecting plates [one plate has positive charge (upper plate) and the other has negative charge (lover plate)]. A nozzle for black ink may be all that’s needed to print text, but full-color printing is also possible with the addition of needed to print text, but full-color printing is also possible with the addition three extra nozzles for the cyan, magenta, and yellow primary colors. If a droplet isn’t needed for the character or image being formed, it is recycled back to its input nozzle.

THERMAL PRINTERS:

 thermal printer comprises these key components:

• Thermal head: generates heat; prints on paper
• Platen: a rubber roller that feeds paper
• Spring: applies pressure to the thermal head, causing it to contact the thermosensitive paper
• Controller boards: for controlling the mechanism

In order to print, thermo-sensitive paper is inserted between the thermal head and the platen. The printer sends an electric current to the heating elements of the thermal head, which generate heat. The heat activates the thermo-sensitive coloring layer of the thermosensitive paper, which changes color where heated. Such a printing mechanism is known as a thermal system or direct system. The heating elements are usually arranged as a matrix of small closely spaced dots—thermal printers are actually dot-matrix printers, though they are not so called.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES PF THE PRINTERS 
http://blog.comboink.com/2010/12/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-dot.html

DOT MATRIX PRINTERS :

Advantages

1. The Dot matrix printers are cheap and easily available in the market.
2. They can make carbon copies of the print out unlike non-impact printers.
3. The printing costs are the lowest as compared to other printers.
4. The printout fades gradually rather than coming to a halt suddenly. You therefore get plenty of time to change the ribbon before crisis emerges.
5. They use paper continuously unlike other printers that require frequent change of paper.
6. The maintenance cost is low as compared to other printers.
7. They tolerate dirty and hot conditions as are found in industrial environments.

Disadvantages

1. The output is not high resolution. Color printout is limited and the print speed is also lesser as compared to non-impact printers. Therefore, the quality of print out in general is not very good. This affects the scanner readability of the print out.
2. The printer creates great deal of noise while the pins strike the ribbon to the paper.
3. The pins get bended easily destroying the print head.
4. The single sheet of paper has to wound and aligned by hand which is time-consuming and hectic. This also makes it prone to jamming frequently. Although paper jamming can happen with any printer, fixing it here is not an easy task.
5. The density of barcodes is low and may fail to match user’s standards.

http://ceratuck.jimdo.com/2012/06/15/daisy-wheel-printer-advantages-and-disadvantages/

DAISY WHEEL PRINTERS :

Daisy wheel printer advantages and disadvantages

Daisy wheel printers have a similar mechanism to a manual typewriter. It uses interchangeable pre-formed type elements, each. Unlike another impact printer, the daisy wheel printer, it does not utilize. Disadvantages: They're VERY noisy, slow and you must change the ribbon. What are the advantages of a daisy wheel printer? it is noisy and very slow as compare to non impact printers. Ironically, whereas the daisy-wheel printer and pen-plotter struggled to.

Daisy wheel printers use an impact printing technology invented in 1969 by David S. Lee at Diablo Data Systems. Dot matrix printers: Advantages Dot matrix printers, like any impact. Advantages: the final print copy looks like it's been typed on a high quality typewriter. All in One Printers: Advantages and Disadvantages of Laser Printers: Ink Feast: Inkjet Printer. Chain printers are in some way similar to daisy-wheel.

Advantages using daisy wheel printer

What are the advantages and disadvatages of a daisy. Advantages: the final print copy looks like it's been typed on a high quality typewriter. The main advantage of using a daisy wheel printer is that the print quality is high because exact shape of the character hits the ribbon to leave and impression on paper. A daisy-wheel printer prints characters by impacting a round printer wheel, which has.

Another great advantage of laser printers is the speed, which is in some cases. What are the advantages of a daisy wheel printer? it is noisy and very slow as compare to non impact printers. Daisy wheel printers have a wheel with raised letters and symbols on it that looks like a daisy, which is how the printer got its name. One main advantage of using a daisy wheel printer is the high print quality, which is superior to that of dot matrix units and has been compared with that of laser.

Daisy wheel printer advantages

You might be surprised to learn that impact printers. This type of printer was popular a while back because the only other choice was a daisy-wheel printer that didn't print any graphics. Daisy wheel printers use an impact printing technology invented in 1969 by David S. Lee at. The main disadvantage of this printer is that they make noise when. Disadvantages: They're VERY noisy, slow and you must change the ribbon.

http://nclarion.weebly.com/advantage-and-disadvantage-of-inkjet-printers.html

INKJET PRINTERS : 
Advantages of inkjet printers:

1)     Low cost

2)     High quality of output, capable of printing fine and smooth details

3)     Capable of printing in vivid color, good for printing pictures

4)     Easy to use

5)     Reasonably fast

6)     Quieter than dot matrix printer

7)     No warm up time

 

Disadvantages of inkjet printers:

1)       Print head is less durable, prone to clogging and damage

2)       Expensive replacement ink cartridges

3)       Not good for high volume printing

4)       Printing speed is not as fast as laser printers

5)       Ink bleeding, ink carried sideways causing blurred effects on some papers

6)       Aqueous ink is sensitive to water, even a small drop of water can cause blurring

7)       Cannot use highlighter marker on inkjet printouts


http://laserprinterwirelesss.blogspot.ae/2012/04/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-laser.html

LASER PRINTRERS :

Advantages 

• The main benefit behind these printers is probably its efficiency and speed at printing. Laser printers are also known as 'page printers' as they printdocuments a page at a time, and performs it at a very fast rate.
• They furnish highest potential production in comparison with the other types of printers. This is generally due to the technology behind it as laser printersutilize electro-photography for printing which results in potential output.
• While it is a small issue, noise can be very unproductive and disturbing specially at a work place, laser printers are highly optimized and barely emits any sound.
• They also offer user-friendliness with other features like self-printing, where printing maybe done without supervision thus addition productivity at the workplace.

Disadvantages

Laser Printer Wireless

• With the extra benefits in comparison with other printers, they are a lot more costly.
• Laser printers are considerable and utilize complicated technology and perform fast output, the result of which is a relatively large hardware gadget which can take up a lot of space.
• As they are non-impact printers, multipart stationary cannot be used thus double printing cannot be simultaneously performed.
• While the cost is an issue, an initial venture only maybe worth it based on your organization's or personal requirements, any way maintenance, servicing and mend of this hardware gadget is also very high thus laser printers aren't very economical.
• Laser printers are also known to be dangerous to the atmosphere and your health. Due to the high voltages when running the machine, small amounts of ozone are generated which can damage the ozone layer. Some laser printer sare also known to emit particles that are suspected to cause respiratory diseases.

https://dailyreviewforyou.wordpress.com/2013/08/20/advantages-disadvantages-of-thermal-printers/

THERMAL PRINTERS:

Advantages & Disadvantages of Thermal Printers
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Thermal label printers are used nearly every day by most work places these days and it’s probably best that you know the advantages and disadvantages of owning a thermal labeling printer. First, how do they even work? Basically they use heat to create and print images on to paper either by heat onto sensitive paper or ribbon cartridges.
The advantages of owning a thermal printer is that first, they are considerably cheaper than your usual printer and can be found at most stationary shops in all sorts of different models sizes and styles. These printers are extremely easy to use because they don’t have many buttons and the software which hooks up to your computer is so easy to install and use as well!The machines are great for offices, homes and even warehouses. They are extremely quiet which means wherever they are set up, it doesn’t disturb or upset anyone else in the office. They can also work very well for printing standard black and white, or text documents and they generally print quicker than standard printers to.
Unfortunately, with most things there will be some disadvantages. Like when the printer gets too hot it will start printing out more ink than it should or even needed. This then potentially runs up your cost of ink and having to buy more because you keep running out. If it does regularly get too hot it is probably best to get a professional to look at it or to change the printer head.
These printers don’t usually print out colours as vibrantly as standard printers for this reason it’s not a good idea to use them to print images or photographs and they will look dull or blurry!  Also the ink tends to take longer to dry the ink on the papers compared to standard printers. If you pick up the paper too quick, you could smudge the ink and if you’re printing more than one paper it could transfer onto other paper.

                                                            TINKER-CAD










MAIN OBJECTIVE; TO Scale, Copy & Paste result 

I LEARNT HOW TO SCALE COPY AND PASTE IN TINKERCAD

I USED CYLINDERS ABOUT THREE OF THEM AND ADJUSTED 

THE SIZE.                                                                                           

LESSON 2

LESSON 2 IN TINKERCAD  

MAIN OBJECTIVE ;TO  MAKE A  Key ring, letters! result

I LEARNT HOW TO MAKE A KEY RING USING LETTERS .

  

 TASK 1 GIVEN 

  

MADE BY TANYA 

TASK 2 GIVEN 

MADE BY TANYA                                                                                                                       

3D PRINTING

  3D PRINTING 

WHAT IS 3D PRINTING ?
reference http://3dprinting.com/what-is-3d-printing/

3D printing or additive manufacturing is a process of making three dimensional solid objects from a digital file. The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive processes. In an additive process an object is created by laying down successive layers of material until the entire object is created. Each of these layers can be seen as a thinly sliced horizontal cross-section of the eventual object.
HOW DOES 3D PRINTING WORK?

It all starts with making a virtual design of the object you want to create. This virtual design is made in a CAD (Computer Aided Design) file using a 3D modeling program (for the creation of a totally new object) or with the use of a 3D scanner (to copy an existing object). A 3D scanner makes a 3D digital copy of an object.

3d scanners use different technologies to generate a 3d model such as time-of-flight, structured / modulated light, volumetric scanning and many more.

Recently, many IT companies like Microsoft and Google enabled their hardware to perform 3d scanning, a great example is Microsoft’s Kinect. This is a clear sign that future hand-held devices like smartphones will have integrated 3d scanners. Digitizing real objects into 3d models will become as easy as taking a picture. Prices of 3d scanners range from very expensive professional industrial devices to 30 USD DIY devices anyone can make at home.

WHAT IS THE TECHNOLOGY BEHIND IT?

Not all 3D printers use the same technology. There are several ways to print and all those available are additive, differing mainly in the way layers are build to create the final object.
Some methods use melting or softening material to produce the layers. Selective laser sintering (SLS) and fused deposition modeling (FDM) are the most common technologies using this way of printing. Another method of printing is when we talk about curing a photo-reactive resin with a UV laser or another similar power source one layer at a time. The most common technology using this method is called stereolithography (SLA).

To be more precise: since 2010, the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) group “ASTM F42 – Additive Manufacturing”, developed a set of standards that classify the Additive Manufacturing processes into 7 categories  according to Standard Terminology for Additive Manufacturing Technologies. These seven processes are:

1. Vat Photopolymerisation
2. Material Jetting
3. Binder Jetting
4. Material Extrusion
5. Powder Bed Fusion
6. Sheet Lamination
7. Directed Energy Deposition

WHERE WOULD YOU FIND 3D PRINTING ?

3D PRINTERS ARE FOUND ALMOST EVERYWHERE AS THEY ARE USED IN DIFFERENT OCCUPATIONS BY DIFFERENT PEOPLE NOW WE CAN ALSO BUY 3D PRINTERS FROM ELECTRONIC STORES.

WHO WOULD USE 3D PRINTING?

Applications include rapid prototyping, architectural scale models & maquettes, healthcare (3d printed prosthetics and printing with human tissue) and entertainment (e.g. film props).

Other examples of 3D printing would include reconstructing fossils in paleontology, replicating ancient artifacts in archaeology, reconstructing bones and body parts in forensic pathology and reconstructing heavily damaged evidence acquired from crime scene investigations.

 DESIGN SITUATION

   I AM A STUDENT FROM EMIRATES INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL MEADOWS . IN ICT WE ARE USING A SOFTWARE CALLED TINKER CAD ALSO KNOWN AS COMPUTER AIDED DESIGNING. 

In 3D computer graphics, 3D modeling (or modelling) is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any three-dimensional surface of an object (either inanimate or living) via specialized software. The product is called a 3D model. It can be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called 3D rendering or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D printing devices.

Models may be created automatically or manually. The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting.

3D modeling software is a class of 3D computer graphics software used to produce 3D models. Individual programs of this class are called modeling applications or modelers.